Special Autonomy (Otonomi Khusus, or Otsus) for Papua represents a significant policy initiative by the Indonesian government aimed at addressing the unique socio-political and economic challenges faced by the Papuan provinces. Enacted through Law No. 21/2001 and later revised by Law No. 2/2021, Otsus was designed to provide Papua with greater autonomy, financial resources, and recognition of indigenous rights. However, the implementation of this policy has been met with various challenges, including issues of governance, transparency and equitable development.
Historical Context and Legal Framework
The inception of Otsus in 2001 was a response to the demands for greater autonomy and recognition of Papuan identity. The law allocated significant financial resources to the region, aiming to improve infrastructure, education, healthcare, and economic development. In 2021, the law was revised to strengthen the governance framework, enhance local participation, and ensure that the benefits of Otsus reached the indigenous Papuan communities.
Financial Allocation and Utilization
Under the revised Otsus law, Papua is entitled to a substantial share of the national budget, including a portion of the General Allocation Fund (DAU) and specific funds for infrastructure development. For instance, in 2024, the provincial government of Papua Barat conducted a monitoring and evaluation (Monev) of the utilization of Otsus funds to ensure that the allocated resources were effectively used for development projects.
Similarly, the provincial government of Southwest Papua has undertaken efforts to validate and synchronize data on indigenous Papuan people to optimize the realization and distribution accuracy of the Otsus Fund and Infrastructure Additional Fund (DTI). This initiative aims to ensure that the funds are directed to the intended beneficiaries.
Governance and Oversight Mechanisms
Effective governance and oversight are critical to the success of Otsus. The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), in collaboration with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), has been actively involved in strengthening the supervision of Otsus fund management. Their joint efforts focus on promoting transparency, accountability, and community participation in the management of these funds .
In 2025, the provincial government of Papua Pegunungan organized a Regional Development Planning Consultation (Musrenbang RKPD) to align the Otsus fund utilization with regional development priorities. This participatory approach ensures that the development plans reflect the needs and aspirations of the local communities.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite the substantial financial allocations, the impact of Otsus on the welfare of the Papuan people has been a subject of criticism. Issues such as inadequate infrastructure, limited access to quality education and healthcare, and persistent poverty continue to affect many Papuans. The KPK has emphasized the need to prevent the mismanagement of Otsus funds, highlighting that the funds should not dissipate as they did in the past two decades.
Future Directions
To enhance the effectiveness of Otsus, several measures are being considered:
1. Improved Data Management: Developing digital platforms for data storage and management to ensure accurate and up-to-date information on indigenous populations and development needs.
2. Capacity Building: Training local government officials and community leaders in financial management, project implementation, and monitoring to strengthen local governance.
3. Community Engagement: Fostering greater involvement of indigenous communities in decision-making processes to ensure that development initiatives align with their needs and priorities.
4. Enhanced Oversight: Strengthening the role of oversight institutions like the KPK to monitor the utilization of Otsus funds and prevent corruption.
Conclusion
The Special Autonomy policy for Papua holds the potential to transform the region by addressing historical injustices and promoting equitable development. However, its success hinges on effective implementation, transparent governance, and active participation of the indigenous communities. By learning from past experiences and adopting a more inclusive and accountable approach, Papua can realize the goals of Otsus and pave the way for a prosperous future for its people
